Canada

? The Values and Ethics Code for the Public Sector issued by the Canadian government in 2003 places a duty of loyalty on public servants and restricts them from publicly criticizing the Canadian government. Any violation may lead to dismissal.

? The Constitution Act, 1867 stipulates that every member of the Senate or House of Commons of Canada shall before taking his/her seat take and subscribe an oath or affirmation of allegiance before the governor general or some person authorized by him/her, and every member of a legislative council or legislative assembly of any province shall before taking his/her seat take and subscribe an oath or affirmation of allegiance before the lieutenant governor of the province or some person authorized by him/her.

? The Constitution Act, 1867 provides that a senator will be disqualified if he/she takes an oath or makes a declaration or acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to a foreign power, or does an act whereby he/she becomes a subject or citizen, or is entitled to the rights or privileges of a subject or citizen, of a foreign power, or if he/she is attainted of treason or convicted of felony or of any infamous crime.